Features of 4G Technology

With the deployment of 3G (3rd generation mobile communication systems) in process, the interest of many research bodies shifts towards future systems beyond 3G. They are called B3G (beyond 3G) or 4G (4th generation mobile communication). The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems.

OBJECTIVES
•4G will be a fully IP-based integrated system.
•Providing transfer rate between 100 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s speeds both indoors and outdoors.
•Premium quality and high security.
•Interoperability with existing wireless standards
Features of Fourth Generation Technology
•High performance
•Interoperability and easy roaming
•Fully converged services.
•Devices: more user friendly interface
•Enhanced GPS Services
•Scalability
•Crisis-Management applications
CHALLENGES IN MIGRATION TO 4G
•Multimode user terminals
•Security
•Attacks on application level
•Jamming and spoofing
•Data encryption
SCOPE IN 4G
•Multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO
•Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
•Software Defined Radio (SDR)

What is soldering and when should you use it?

• Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and then flowing a filler metal into the joint—the filler metal having a relatively low melting point.
• Soldering is used to form a permanent connection between electronic components.
• The metal to be soldered is heated with a soldering iron and then solder is melted into the connection.
• Only the solder melts, not the parts that are being soldered.
• Solder is a metallic "glue" that holds the parts together and forms a connection that allows electrical current to flow.
• You can use a solderless breadboard to make test circuits, but if you want your circuit to last for more than a few days, you will want to solder the components together.

Materials and Equipment

• A soldering iron
• A soldering iron is used to heat the connections to be soldered.
• For electronic circuits, you should use a 25- to 40-watt (W) soldering iron.
• Higher wattage soldering irons are not necessarily hotter; they are just able to heat larger components. A 40-W soldering iron makes joints faster than a 25-W soldering iron does.
• A soldering iron can be purchased at hardware stores and at most large department stores.
• Rosin core solder
• Solder has a lower melting point than the metals that are being connected do. The solder melts when it is heated by the soldering iron, but the metals being joined will not melt.
• The rosin core acts as a flux. It prevents oxidation of the metals that are being connected, and enhances the ability of the solder to "wet" the surfaces that are being joined.
• Solder that is used to join copper pipes has an acid core, which is appropriate for pipes, but will corrode electronic connections. Use solder that has a rosin core.
• For most electronics work, a solder with a diameter of 0.75 millimeters (mm) to 1.0 mm is best. Thicker solder might make soldering small joints difficult and also increases the chances of creating solder bridges between copper pads that are not meant to be connected.
• An alloy of 60/40 (60% tin, 40% lead) is used for most electronics work, but lead-free solders are available as well.

Multimeter Resistance Test

1. Set the multimeter to read "resistance." Check that the two probes are inserted in the right holes.
2. What does the readout say when the probes are not touching anything? When the two probes are separated, there is an infinite resistance separating them, since air does not conduct electricity. Make a mental note of your multimeter's readout for infinite resistance, because it varies with the manufacturer.
3. Touch the two probes together. Now what does the readout say? When you touch the two probes together, the resistance is close to zero, since the metal tips are excellent conductors.
4. Measure the resistance of some resistors that are not attached to a circuit. For example, test resistors of 100 Ω (ohms), 10,000 Ω, and 1 MΩ (megaohm, or 1 million ohms). You can buy these online at www.radioshack.com. Touch the probes to the wires on either side of the central cylinder. Watch the units: a "k" means kilo-ohms (thousands of ohms), and an "M" means megaohms. Look online for a chart that tells you how to read the value of the resistance based on the colored bands.
5. Never measure resistance in a circuit when power is applied. You must also discharge capacitors in a circuit before measuring resistance, because if there is any source of current other than the multimeter itself, you will get erroneous readings. If the circuit you are working with has large capacitors, you should test them to see if they are carrying a charge. Test the capacitor for charge using a voltmeter, set to high DC voltage. If there is a charge on the capacitor, use a high-wattage resistor to discharge it. Carefully touch the two leads of the resistor to the leads of the capacitor. It may take several seconds for the capacitor to discharge. For more details about how to safely discharge capacitors, visit the following website: Capacitor Testing, Safe Discharging, and Other Related Information

Electronic Terms or Units

AC - Abbreviation for alternating current, which is voltage that flips back and forth between positive and negative.


Ampere - Unit of current (symbol: A).


Breadboard - A board used to make temporary circuits. The breadboard has metal-lined sockets for connecting electronic components in a test circuit.


Capacitor - An electronic component consisting of two conducting surfaces, separated by an insulator. It is used to store and release energy and to control high-frequency signals.


Circuit - A collection of electronic parts connected together, usually designed to perform some kind of function.


Circuit diagram - A diagram that depicts a circuit, using symbols for electronic components. Used to design and communicate circuits with other people, like a blueprint or a plan.


Closed circuit - A circuit in which current can flow through electronic components, from a point of high voltage to a point of low voltage.


Conductance - The opposite of resistance. Materials with high conductance (e.g. metals) have low resistance. The unit of conductance is siemens (S).


Current - The flow of electric charge. The unit for current is amperes (A).


DC - Abbreviation for direct current voltage, which is voltage that does not alternate.


Diode - An electronic component that allows current to flow freely in only one direction.


I - Symbol for current. The unit for current is the ampere (A).


Integrated circuit (IC) - An electronic component that contains several simpler electronic components. An IC is a miniaturized electronic circuit.


Jumper - A short length of wire used to temporarily complete a circuit or to bypass a break in a circuit.


Kilo - A prefix meaning "thousand." A 10-kΩ resistor is 10,000 ohms.


Lead - Length of wire used to make connections between components in a circuit.


Light-emitting diode (LED) - A solid-state device that has two key features: it allows current to flow in only one direction (that is the "diode" part), and it emits light when current flows through it in the "allowed" direction. LEDs are described by several specifications, some of the more important of which are:
Maximum current;
Brightness;
Color of light;
Angle of light beam (for example, an LED with an angle of 15 degrees produces a more focused beam than one with a beam of 45 degrees); and
Size, usually 5 mm.

What is Electronics ?

The field of electronics offers a powerful set of tools for obtaining accurate numerical data. Instead of just saying that there is a difference between two things (color, brightness, charge, etc.), electronic devices allow you to measure precisely how big the difference is.


Electrons and Charge
The word electronics is derived from "electron." Electrons are sub-atomic particles with a negative charge. The unit for electric charge is the coulomb. One coulomb equals the charges of 6.24 billion billion (1018) electrons. A single electron has a charge that is too small to measure in most electronic devices, so scientists use coulombs as a more useful way to describe charge.


Multimeters
The basic outputs for electronic devices are voltage, current, and resistance. Inexpensive and sensitive devices, called multimeters, can measure each of these. If you can devise a way for the output of your experiment to be in the form of voltage, for example, you can use a multimeter to get precise numerical data.


Voltage
The definition of voltage is: the measurement of the potential for an electric field to cause a current in a conductor. An electric field "pushes and pulls" electric charges, so if you put an electron in an electric field, it will move. The movement of charged particles is a current (more about current below). The essential point is that the voltage is a measure of how strongly charged particles are being pushed and pulled by an electric field. The symbol for voltage is V.
Consider a simple flashlight with two D batteries. Each D battery has a voltage of 1.5 V. By putting two 1.5-V batteries together, the total voltage equals 3 V. This voltage is high enough to power a lightbulb. When you turn the flashlight on, the voltage difference causes electrons to flow through the lightbulb, making it shine. The electric field provides the energy to move charged particles through wires (electrical conductors) and through the lightbulb.


Voltage can be direct (DC) or alternating (AC). In DC voltage, the voltage does not alternate. If you graph the voltage of a 9-V battery vs. time, for example, you will have a straight line at a value of 9 V. Alternating current flips back and forth between positive and negative. If you make a graph of AC current vs. time, it will alternate from positive to negative, often in the form of a sine wave. Voltage is supplied to a circuit by a battery or other power supply.


Current
Current is a measurement of how much charge moves through a circuit in a given period of time. In the case of the flashlight, the current through the lightbulb is a measurement of the amount of electric charge flowing through the lightbulb in a given time.
The symbol for current is I. The symbol for the unit of current, the ampere, is A. The precise definition of an ampere is: the current produced by the flow of one coulomb per second. Use "I" when referring to current (as in Ohm's law, discussed below) and "A" when referring to the amount of current.
DC current is produced by DC voltage and AC current is produced by AC voltage.


Resistance
Electrons flow through materials in response to a voltage, creating a current. Some materials, such as copper, have very low resistance, so the electrons flow freely—they are good conductors. Some materials have intermediate resistance, such as the semiconductors used to make transistors. Semiconductors might have a threshold value for the voltage that will cause a current to flow, for example. And some materials, such as rubber, have high resistance and are used as insulators to separate charges.
The symbol for resistance is R. The unit for resistance is the ohm, which has the symbol Ω, and is the capital letter "W" in Greek.


Ohm's Law
Ohm's law relates voltage, current, and resistance, mathematically. Ohm's law can be written as: V = IR. In words, Ohm's law states that the voltage in a component in a circuit equals the current through the component, times the resistance of the component.


Electronic Circuit
An electronic circuit is a closed path formed by the interconnection of electronic components through which an electric current can flow. You might find it helpful to compare an electronic circuit to a circuit in which water flows.
Voltage in the electronic circuit is like the pump in the water circuit—it provides the push to make things go.
Current in the electronic circuit is like the rate (in liters per second, for example) that water flows in the water circle.
And resistance in an electronic circuit is like a constriction in a hose in the water circuit. An electronic resistor impedes the flow of electrons, just as a constriction in a hose impedes the flow of water.

Revolution in Cardiology - Soon, a stent that will vanish from the heart

After cardiologists clear a blocked artery of the heart, they usually insert a metal tube called stent to prevent recurrence. They may soon replace the metallic device with a mesh, which would be absorbed by the body in two years after restoring the blood flow.


Interventional cardiologists at Apollo Hospitals, Chennai presented before reporters on Tuesday, two patients on whom the drug-coated absorbable stent has been tried a fortnight ago. The patients, two men aged 68 and 70, are medically fit, the doctors said. The treatment is part of the last leg of a clinical trial being conducted at more than 100 centres across the world. Once pronounced a success, the stent would be available in the market.

The stent used in the trial has been made of materials used to make absorbable sutures and implants. The anti-cancer drug coat on the stent prevents the artery from clotting up. By two years, the stent degrades into water and carbon dioxide. By then the artery gains the strength to function independently as any other artery. Patients who get these absorbable stents are likely to be taken off blood thinning medicines which other patients with metal stents will have to take life long.


"This is another revolution in cardiology. If the trial succeeds, this stent is likely to replace all the existing ones," said consultant cardiologist Dr Sai Satish, consultant interventional cardiologist, Apollo Hospitals, who is a part of the trial. During the earlier trials, the device was found to be effective in treating heart diseases. It was absorbed into the walls of the patients' arteries, with no clots reported after three years.


It is estimated that at least six million people in India have cardiovascular diseases. Blocks in the blood vessels reduce supply to heart muscles increasing risks of heart attacks. To avoid surgery, since early 1980s, cardiologists insert a collapsed balloon mounted on a thin wire, balloon catheter, into the blocked artery. The balloon is inflated to crush the blocks. It is then withdrawn.


From the early 1990s doctors started inserting metal stents inside the artery to prevent further blocks. They reduced the recurrence by 20%, but sometimes cells grew over the stents and blocked arteries again. Then came drug-eluting stents in the early 2000s which prevented regrowth.


"Drug-eluting stents have been proven safe, but the presence of a metal in the body makes doctors anxious. It is good to have a device that can be absorbed after it does its job," said Dr Mathew Samuel Kalarickal, director and head of interventional cardiology.


The product has been approved for marketing in Europe, but it is yet to be made commercial. The manufacturers said it would be available in Europe next year and in India in 2013. As a part of the clinical trial over 100 institutes from all the over the world including six centres from India will implant the stent free of cost. Of these two hospitals Apollo Hospitals and Madras Medical Mission are from Chennai. Others include Escorts Heart Research Institute in Delhi, SGPGI in Lucknow, Care Hospital in Hyderabad and SAL Hospital in Ahmedabad.
                                                                                      The Times of India 

10 reasons why PCs crash U must Know...

Fatal error:
the system has become unstable or is busy," it says. "Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."
You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?


1. Hardware conflict


The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.


For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.


If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:

Full Screen Mode for Turbo c on Vista & Windows 7

This is a simple technique. Just follow the simple 4 steps given below and get a big screen in few seconds. There is no need of any additional softwares or drivers.
Step 1: Open TC++ (normally C:\TC\BIN\TC.EXE). In the startup it will show a dialogue box that it doesn’t support full screen mode as seen in the picture below. Just select ignore option. Then it will open the small screen mode.
Step 2: Go to the top left of the window and click. It will show a menu as shown in the figure. Then select properties from the menu.
Step 3: Now it will show the properties window, in which you select the Font tab. There you can see two font options as Raster and Lucida Console. The default will be Raster. You select Lucida Console and select the size from the size list as 28.
Step 4: After selecting the fonts, now you have to select the layout tab where you can see screen buffer size, window size, and window position options. First unselect the “Let system position window” option from window position options. Now make the following changes:
• Screen Buffer Size: Width: 82 Height: 28
• Window Size: Width: 80 Height: 26
• Window Position: Left: -4 Top: -4
OK.
Now you will see a larger window and very crisp font size in which you can work perfectly fine. This technique actually doesn’t provide full screen in Vista but you will find it much better.
NB: The given sizes will work fine for 1280 by 800 screens, but there is no compulsion that you have to use them as specified. You can always use your own options according to your need.

Why Twitter ?

Twitter is a social networking and micro-blogging service that allows its users to send and read other users' updates (known as tweets), which are text-based posts of up to 140 characters in length.
                        Updates are displayed on the user's profile page and delivered to other users who have signed up to receive them. Senders can restrict delivery to those in their circle of friends (delivery to everyone being the default). Users can receive updates via the Twitter website, SMS, RSS, or through applications such as TwitterMobile, Tweetie, Twinkle, Twitterrific, Feedalizr, Facebook, and Twidget, a widget application. Four gateway numbers are currently available for SMS: short codes for the United States, Canada, and India, and a United Kingdom-based number for international use. Several third parties offer posting and receiving updates via email. Estimates of the number of daily users vary as the company does not release the number of active accounts. In November 2008, Jeremiah Owyang of Forrester Research estimated that Twitter had 4-5 million users.

How can I access my home computer from work or school ?

Popular methods of remotely connecting to another computer for remote access and/or assist. First, is a listing of online services, these are services that allow anyone with an Internet browser to remotely access and connect to another computer. Next, is a listing of software programs that are used to connect and remotely access other computers. Finally, at the end of the document you can find additional information about resolving problems you may encounter that prevent you from using one of the below services.
Online services:
LogMeIn - http://www.logmein.com/
TeamViewer - http://www.teamviewer.com/
WebEx PCNow - http://pcnow.webex.com/
I think this more will help you a little,
Firewall - Any firewall protecting your home, work, and/or school network must be open for many of these software programs / services to communicate with other computers. If you have a software firewall program running on your computer you must unblock or open the port for the program when prompted. Some schools / corporations have a hardware firewall that will block almost all outside Internet traffic making it difficult if not impossible for many of these solutions to work.
Static IP vs. Dynamic IP - Many of the programs will require you to specify the IP address of your computer. If you do not have a static IP address this address will change each time you connect to the Internet. This can make it difficult to connect if your computer is consistently changing its IP address.
Modem vs. always on connection - If your home computer is connecting to the Internet using a Modem instead of an always on connection such as a broadband connection you must keep your modem connected in order to connect to the computer. Additional information about disabling auto disconnect and keeping your modem connection established can be found on document CH000371.
Plug-ins and additional software - Many of the online services that allow you to remotely connect to another computer over your browser will require that a plug-in be installed into the browser and/or a third-party program be installed. Some work and school computers may prohibit you from doing this.

Mobile Number Portability - Complete Guide

                                   Mobile Number Portability (MNP) got kicked off in India (as planned) on 25th November 2010, with the initial launch happening in the state of Haryana. Other states too will be catching up soon and with this new facility, which will allow users to change their mobile service providers without changing their Mobile phone number. This article intends to be a FAQ post which will help you understand Mobile Number Portability and how it will work in India. Read on to learn more about Mobile Number Portability in India.
1. What is MNP or Mobile Number Portability?
MNP is the abbreviation used for Mobile Number Portability. Mobile NumberPortability as mentioned above, once implemented, will allow users to change their mobile carriers (Vodafone, Airtel, Idea, Reliance, Tata DoCoMo, Uninor etc… are few of the mobile carriers who operate in India) without changing their phone number. Without MNP, if a user changes his / her mobile carrier, he / she is given a new SIM which also has a new number and thus his / her phone number changes, the minute he / she uses the new SIM (when MNP is not used). With MNP, you will be switch from GSM to CDMA or vice versa without getting your number changed.
2. Steps to Change Mobile Service Provider with MNP
Once MNP gets rolled out in your circle (i.e. telecom term for your residential area), then you need to follow the steps mentioned below
Step 1 – Send an SMS to 1900 with the message PORT . represents an empty space, which can be generated by pressing space bar key on your mobile phone.
For example, if your mobile phone number is 9999999999 then you need to type PORT 9999999999.
Step 2 – Once you send the message as described in Step1, you will receive a porting code. Porting code is a 8 digit unique code associated with your number.
Step 3 – Next, you must visit the service provider to which you wish to subscribe with the porting code you obtained in Step 2. Here you will be required to complete the application process (which will include filling up a specific form for MNP).
Step 4 – With the completion of Step 3, work from your end is completed. After this, the service providers (current and new) will complete the back-end work. You will then receive an SMS which mention the date and time of porting from your new service provider. As per Department of Telecommunication paper, the operators are required to finish this process in Seven days.
Step 5 – Once step 4 is completed, on the specific date and time mentioned by the provider, insert the new SIM card and your phone will now work on the same phone number, but with new carrier.
3. How often can I change my Mobile Service Provider?
MNP requires you to be with the new service provider for at least 90 days.

4. What are the charges for keeping my number same, while switching carriers?
The new service provider can charge a maximum of Rs. 19 from the subscriber as MNP fees. This has been fixed by TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India).
5. is there a down-time; I need to be aware of?
On the day when porting actually happens for your number, a down time of 2 hours should be accounted.
6. I want to switch to a new Mobile service provider, but my current service provider is denying me porting rights. Why?
Your request for switching to a new service provider, while keeping your phone number same, through MNP can be denied by your current provider if
i. You have outstanding dues with your providers.
ii. If your contract forbids you from moving out of the network.
iii. You haven’t been with the new provider 90 days.
iv. Your request is not within the same area. For example, you live in Mumbai, but applying for provider change in Delhi.
v. Legal restrictions on your number from court or government etc.
vi. Your number is going through an ownership change or address change. In such a situation, you need to get through with the process before applying for service provider change through MNP.
Mobile number Portability in India, got delayed multiple times
Many analysts believe that Mobile Number Portability will lead to substantial reduction of ARPU’s (Average Revenue per User) for major telcos, however there is also another breed which believes that MNP won’t lead to price war, rather better customer support, network infrastructure, lesser call drops etc. Once completely rolled out MNP will cover 22 circles across India with almost 10 providers in each circle.

Role of religion in INDIA

In India, religion is a way of life. It is an integral part of the entire Indian tradition. For the majority of Indians, religion permeates every aspect of life, from common-place daily chores to education and politics. Secular India is home to Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and other innumerable religious traditions. Hinduism is the dominant faith, practised by over 80% of the population. Besides Hindus, Muslims are the most prominent religious group and are an integral part of Indian society. In fact India has the second largest population of Muslims in the world after Indonesia Common practices have crept into most religious faiths in India and many of the festivals that mark each year with music, dance and feasting are shared by all communities. Each has its own pilgrimage sites, heroes, legends and even culinary specialties, mingling in a unique diversity that is the very pulse of society.

CORRECT WAY OF COOKING NOODLES

The correct way to cook in stant noodles without harm in g our bodies and health: Normally, we cook the in stant noodles is putt in g the noodles in to a pot with water, throw in the powder and let it cook for around 3 m in utes and then it's ready to eat.
This is the WRONG method of cook in g the in stant noodles.
CORRECT METHOD:
1. Boil the noodles in a pot with water.
2. once the noodles is cooked, take out the noodles, and throw away the water which conta in s wax.
3. boil another pot of water till boil in g and put the noodles in to the hot boil in g water and then shut the fire.
4. only at this stage when the fire is off, and while the water is very hot, put the in gredient with the powder in to the water, to make noodle soup.
5. however, if you need dry noodles, take out the noodles and add the in gredient with the powder and toss it to get dry noodles.

Dietician's Note: If you buy pla in hakka noodles you may initially need to boil it in water and discard the water. This will soften the noodles, but to prevent it from sticking we need to add a table spoon of oil, also the noodles are deep fried partially to make it crunchy and then dust it with flour to prevent it from sticking while boiling. Hence when you buy the noodles they are already made unhealthy and this is the type we use to make stir fry noodles, and the regular maggi too is made the same way plus they add MSG/ ajinomoto and other chemical preservatives.
                                                                                                        Thanks yahoo buzz

Six Truths of Life

1. You cannot touch all your top teeth with your tongue.

2. All idiots, after read in g the first truth, will try it.


3. And discover that The first truth is a lie.


4. You're smil in g now because you're an idiot...


5. You soon will forward this to another idiot.


6. There's still a stupid smile on your face.


               I apologize about this

Backup Bookmarks and Passwords in Google chrome

1) Go to the Start menu & Run.
2) Enter one of the following directories in the text field, then press OK.
@ Windows XP: %USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\Application Data\Google\Chrome\User Data
@ Windows Vista: %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Google\Chrome\User Data
3) Locate and open the folder called "Default" in the directory window that opens.
4) TO COPY BOOKMARKS: Copy the file named "Bookmarks", and save it for backup.
5) TO COPY PASSWORDS: Copy the file named "Login Data", and save it for backup.
6) Once you have formatted the drive or created a new profile, follow steps 1-3 and simply paste the files saved in steps 4 & 5.
7) All your bookmark data and password data are back!
Or
Download the tool for chrome backup
Download here

Overview of Internet

The Internet is a global computer network made up of smaller computer networks; it has been called a "Network of Networks."

These smaller networks include:

Local Area Networks (like networked offices or computer labs, and campus-wide networks)

Wide Area Networks (like city-wide networks)

State and Regional Networks (including regional service providers and others)

National and International Networks

There is no one inventor of the Internet. The Internet was created in the 1960s as a huge network linking big university and government computers. The science behind the Internet was invented during the Cold War, when the United States was in competition against Russia for weapons and technology. So the Internet is actually pretty old--around forty years. Much of Internet’s initial development was supported by American governmental research and network development (beginning with the American military's ARPANET in 1969). In fact, email has been around since 1972! In 1989 that Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics in Geneva, proposed the World Wide Web. Now Internet Service Providers (ISPs) offer Internet access to their clients, at costs ranging from Rs 150/- per 6 months to hundreds of rupees per year, depending on the

types of service they offer.

Cellular mobile communication system

First generation cellular mobile communication system
In the late 1970s, the first generation cellular mobile communication system
characterized by frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and analog frequency
module (FM) came into being, pioneering the commercialization of cellular mobile
communication systems. The major modes in this phase include TACS of the UK,
AMPS of the US and NMT of north Europe. This phase featured defects such as low
frequency utilization, small system capacity, no united international standard, very
complicated equipment, high cost, requirement of certain protection bands, no effective
anti-interference and anti-attenuation measures, poor voice quality, low security etc., as
well as limited number of subscribers and incapability of non-voice services and digital
communication services. With the development of services, the firs generation cellular
mobile communication system became unable to satisfy the market requirement. Further
more, in the transmission system, the voice transmission was implemented in the analog
mode, while signaling gateways adopted the digital mode, resulting in ineffective control
of network management.
Second generation cellular mobile communication system
In mid 1980s, the second-generation cellular mobile communication system featuring
TDMA, CDMA and digital modulation (QPSK, p/4-QPSK and GMSK) appeared. The
major modes in this phase include GSM of Europe, DAMPS of the US and the CDMA
system put forward by Qualcomm of the US. At that time, since some critical techniques
in the CDMA system were not properly solved, the development of the CDMA
technology was relatively slow. However, since the GSM system adopted the TDMA
technology, which was mature at that time, the utilization of frequency spectrum was
increased, and the shortcomings of the analog system were well solved. Therefore it
gained wide support from telecom operators and equipment manufacturers of the world,
and the globally united GSM system standard was made up. However, for the very
reason that this kind system used the TDMA mode, the anti-interference and antiattenuation
capability of this kind of system was still unsatisfactory, certain protection
time slots were required, and the system capacity was unable to meet the growing
requirements of the users. Besides, the design of this kind of system is very complicated,the frequency utilization was not high, and the hard handoff mode was adopted for intercell
handoff, which tended to cause call drops, and was unable to satisfy the users’
growing fast data transmission and broadband video multimedia service
 requirements.


Third generation cellular mobile communication system
The third generation cellular mobile communication system (3G) is also called IMT-
2000, implying that the system’s working frequency band is 2000MHz, and its
maximum service rate can be as high as 2 Mbit/s. Its technical basis is broadband WCDMA,
characterized mainly by multimedia and intelligent features. It can improve the
multi-element transmission rate, and realize the general integration of ground cellular
system, cordless system, cellular mobile communication system and satellite system -
the real global services. It provides a unified platform for the combination and
distribution of various services. Although the third generation cellular mobile
communication system still has room for perfection, the general framework has been
defined. It has the following tree major features:
Seamless global roaming.
High-speed transmission. High-speed mobile environment: 144kbit/s; walking lowspeed
mobile environment: 384kbit/s; Indoor static environment: 2Mbit/s;
Seamless service transfer. That is, interworking is available in fixed networks, mobile
networks and satellite services.
The technology of 3G is the multimedia communication system that uses the IP
technology as bearer to realize end-to-end IP and provide multiple serviced. Although
the development of 3G and the formulation of its standard have been held up due to
different technical, political and commercial interests, and there are as many as ten
commercial standards for 3G have been put forward up to now, yet the basis for the
transmission mode of all these standards is CDMA.

Incredible INDIA

India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: भारतगणराज्य Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also Official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world.Mainland Indiais bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka, and the Maldives in the Indian Ocean, its Andaman and Nicobar Islands are also in the vicinity of the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea, and in the Andaman Sea India also shares a maritime border with Thailand. India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi)

Beauty in Kerala arts

Kerala:--God's Own Country,welcomes you all to see the art forms.
Here follows the traditional art forms of kerala....

Theyyam
Theyyamor Theyyattam is a popular Hindu ritual of worship in North Kerala state, India, predominant in the Kolathunadu area.Theyyaattam is a pattern of hero worship.The most outstanding ancient dance form of North Kerala.The indigenoustheyyamcult under the
influence of the great classical Indian tradition incorporated new ideals and legends.
It is a ritualistic dance with its rare and grotesque make-up and costume, lively foot work, gymnastic fervour and ritualistic vitality.

Kathakali

Kathakaliis a highly stylized classical Indian dance-drama noted for the attractive make-up of characters, elaborate costumes, detailed gestures.The Classical Dance-Drama of Kerala or It is the traditional dance from the south Indian state of Kerala..It is one of the oldest theatre forms in the world. It originated in the area of southwestern India now known as the state of Kerala.Kathakaliliterally meaning 'story-dance' is the dance-drama of Malabar which is now culturally and politically known as Kerala's soul.Kathakalisadanam - Thekathakaliinstitue in kerala.

Theyyam

Oottam thullal
Ottamthullalor Ottanthullalis a type of performing art from Kerala.It is a popular form of entertainment where one actor through dance and songs narrates a story in simple verses, which could easily be understood...or in other words a kind of solo-dance in which one actor adorning colourful costumes recites dance songs to the accompaniment of drums and cymbals....

Kathakali

Kathakali

Kathakali

............And lot different types of art forms which says the storys belongs to ramayan and the tears of poor people those who suffered a lot during the time of feudalism